SB1368
View on ILGAMULTI-COUNTY VET ASSISTANCE
What this bill does
Amends the Military Veterans Assistance Act. Expands the Act to allow for the formation of multi-county Veterans Assistance Commissions. Provides that veteran service organizations located in 2 or more adjacent counties having a population of 60,000 or less may enter into an agreement to come together and jointly form a multi-county Veterans Assistance Commission to serve the adjacent counties in accordance with the Act. Provides that a multi-county Veterans Assistance Commission may also be formed under an agreement between an existing county Veterans Assistance Commission and a veteran service organization located in an adjacent county that is without a veterans assistance commission and has a population of 60,000 or less. Requires an agreement to form and maintain a multi-county Veterans Assistance Commission to set forth: (i) the distribution of funding with respect to each member county; (ii) the location of the Commission's office; (iii) the type of services provided; (iv) the superintendent selection or appointment process; (v) Commission rules and policies; and (vi) the composition of delegates and alternates on the Commission. Provides that multi-county Veterans Assistance Commissions shall have the same powers and duties under the Act as Veterans Assistance Commissions that serve one county. Makes corresponding changes in the Counties Code, the Illinois Public Aid Code, the Drug Court Treatment Act, the Veterans and Servicemembers Court Treatment Act, and the Mental Health Court Treatment Act. Effective immediately.
Stuck
P(Advance)
Chance it ever
reaches a milestone (committee, floor, etc.). Not “next step.”
P(Law)
Chance it becomes
law given where it is now (stage, momentum).
Forecast
Low
P(law) at intro —
sponsor & topic only; no progress or delay.
Confidence: 51%
Calculating prediction drivers...
Pipeline Progress
Current stage: Passed Both Houses · Last action 281 days ago
How does a bill become law in Illinois?
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Introduction of Bill
A member of the Senate or the House introduces a bill, which is assigned a unique identifying number (e.g., "H.B. ___" for House bills and "S.B. ___" for Senate bills). If not enacted, it must be reintroduced in the next General Assembly with a new number.
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Committee Work — Hearings
The bill goes to the appropriate committee, which holds hearings to gather expert opinions and determine the need for the legislation.
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Committee Work — Markup, Amendments, Report
The committee may make amendments to the bill. If approved, a committee report endorsing the bill is issued.
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Floor Debate
The bill is debated and can be further amended. The debate transcripts are accessible online for public viewing.
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Passage and Consideration in Second Chamber
If the bill passes in the first chamber, it moves to the second chamber for a similar review process. If both chambers approve, it goes to the governor.
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Gubernatorial Action
The governor can sign the bill into law, veto it, or take no action (resulting in an automatic law after 60 days). The type of veto can be total or amendatory. Once signed, the bill becomes a Public Act and is assigned a Public Act number.
Sponsor Context
Public Engagement
11 witness slips filed
10 proponents / 1 opponents
10 organizations
Witness slips
11 slips filed. Proponent / opponent / no position as filed with the committee.
| Name | Organization | Representing | Position | Hearing committee | Hearing date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austin James Mink | Self | Self | Proponent | Veterans' Affairs | 2025-04-29 |
| Jennifer Solum | Veterans Assistance Commission of Will County | Proponent | Veterans' Affairs | 2025-04-29 | |
| John Lawson | Belleville VFW Post 1739 | District 14, VFW Illinois (St. Clair, Monroe, Randolph, Clinton, Washington & Perry Counties) | Proponent | Veterans' Affairs | 2025-04-29 |
| John Lawson | Veterans Assistance Commission of St. Clair County | Illinois Association of Veterans Assistance Commissions (IACVAC) | Proponent | Veterans' Affairs | 2025-04-29 |
| Michael J Korman | NoVeteranAlone, Inc. | Illinois Association of County Veterans Assistance Commissions | Proponent | Veterans' Affairs | 2025-04-29 |
| Michael Luebbers | Illinois Freedom Civic Coalition dba Illinois Freedom Alliance | On behalf of IFCC dba IFA | Proponent | Veterans' Affairs | 2025-04-29 |
| Michael Peck | American Legion, Department of Illinois | American legion, Department of Illinois | Proponent | Veterans Affairs | 2025-03-19 |
| Toni Erwin | Lil Red Brady Braids LLC | Self | Proponent | Veterans Affairs | 2025-03-19 |
| David Schwartz | Self | Self | Proponent | Veterans Affairs | 2025-03-05 |
| Matthew Slade | Myself | Myself | Proponent | Veterans Affairs | 2025-03-05 |
| Daniel Benedict | Logan County VAC | Logan County VAC | Opponent | Veterans' Affairs | 2025-04-29 |
Roll-call votes
Total votes and outcome per event. Deciding vote = margin of 1; those voters on the winning side could have changed the outcome by flipping.
| Date | Chamber | Type | Description | Yea | Nay | Present | NV | Outcome | Margin | Deciding voters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H | Committee | Veterans' Affairs | 15 | 0 | 0 | 2 | Passed | 15 | — | |
| 2025-05-22 | H | Floor | Third Reading | 113 | 0 | 0 | 5 | Passed | 113 | — |
| S | Committee | Veterans Affairs | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Passed | 8 | — | |
| S | Floor | Third Reading | 54 | 0 | 0 | 5 | Passed | 54 | — |
Action History
51 actions recorded. Last action: 2025-07-02 — Pursuant to Senate Rule 3-9(b) / Referred toAssignments. Each action's meaning and outcome signal are classified automatically.
2025-01-29
Introduction & Filing
Filed with Secretary bySen. Jil Tracy Rule 2-7(b)
Bill officially submitted to the Senate Secretary during the session.
2025-01-29
Introduction & Filing
First Reading Senate Rule 5-1(d)/5-2; House Rule 37(d)/38
Formal introduction — title read into the official record. Required procedural step; bill now exists in the system.
2025-01-29
Committee Assignment
Referred toAssignments Senate Rule 3-8(a); House Rule 18(a)
Sent to a committee (usually Rules in the House, Assignments in the Senate). The gatekeeping step — Rules/Assignments decides which substantive committee hears the bill.
2025-02-04
Committee Assignment
Assigned toVeterans Affairs Senate Rule 3-8(a); House Rule 18(b)
Sent to a substantive committee (e.g., Transportation, Revenue). This is where the bill gets a real hearing and evaluation.
2025-02-06
Co-Sponsorship
Mild +
Added as Co-SponsorSen. Terri Bryant Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a)
A legislator added as co-sponsor.
2025-02-07
Co-Sponsorship
Mild +
Added as Chief Co-SponsorSen. Jason Plummer Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a)
A legislator takes on the chief co-sponsor role, a stronger commitment than regular co-sponsorship.
2025-03-06
Co-Sponsorship
Mild +
Added as Chief Co-SponsorSen. Craig Wilcox Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a)
A legislator takes on the chief co-sponsor role, a stronger commitment than regular co-sponsorship.
2025-03-13
Amendment Actions
Senate Committee Amendment No. 1 Filed with Secretary bySen. Jil Tracy
[Amendment] Bill officially submitted to the Senate Secretary during the session.
2025-03-13
Amendment Actions
Senate Committee Amendment No. 1 Referred toAssignments
[Amendment] Sent to a committee (usually Rules in the House, Assignments in the Senate). The gatekeeping step — Rules/Assignments decides which substantive committee hears the bill.
2025-03-18
Amendment Actions
Senate Committee Amendment No. 1 Assignments Refers toVeterans Affairs
[Amendment] Senate Assignments Committee forwards the bill to a substantive committee.
2025-03-19
Amendment Actions
Positive
Senate Committee Amendment No. 1 Adopted
[Amendment] Bill or resolution adopted by the chamber.
2025-03-19
Committee Action
Positive
Do Pass as AmendedVeterans Affairs; 008-000-000 Rule 3-11(a)(1), Rule 3-12(a)
Committee recommends passage. The most important positive gate — majority of bills never get here.
2025-03-19
Floor Process
Positive
Placed on Calendar Order of 2nd Reading March 20, 2025 Rule 3-12(a), Rule 4-4(7)
Bill placed on the order of Second Reading.
2025-04-01
Floor Process
Positive
Second Reading Senate Rule 3-12(a)/5-4(a); House Rule 24(a)/40(b)
Bill reaches the floor amendment stage. Floor amendments can be offered here.
2025-04-01
Floor Process
Positive
Placed on Calendar Order of 3rd Reading April 2, 2025 Rule 4-4(8)
Bill placed on the Third Reading calendar — queued for final vote.
2025-04-03
Floor Vote
Positive
Third Reading - Passed;054-000-000 Rule 5-1(f)
Bill PASSED a floor vote on Third Reading. Major milestone — bill has cleared one chamber.
2025-04-03
Co-Sponsorship
Mild +
Added as Co-SponsorSen. Chris Balkema Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a)
A legislator added as co-sponsor.
2025-04-03
Co-Sponsorship
Mild +
Added as Co-SponsorSen. Andrew S. Chesney Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a)
A legislator added as co-sponsor.
2025-04-03
Co-Sponsorship
Mild +
Added as Co-SponsorSen. Steve McClure Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a)
A legislator added as co-sponsor.
2025-04-04
Co-Sponsorship
Mild +
Added as Co-SponsorSen. Mike Simmons Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a)
A legislator added as co-sponsor.
2025-04-04
Cross-Chamber
Positive
Arrived in House Senate Rule 5-1(d)/4-4(9-11); House Rule 37(d)/31(10-12)
Senate bill arrives in the House after passing the Senate.
2025-04-04
Cross-Chamber
Positive
Chief House SponsorRep. Stephanie A. Kifowit Senate Rule 5-1(d)/4-4(9-11); House Rule 37(d)/31(10-12)
House sponsor assigned for a Senate bill — bill is being actively managed in the second chamber.
2025-04-07
Introduction & Filing
First Reading Senate Rule 5-1(d)/5-2; House Rule 37(d)/38
Formal introduction — title read into the official record. Required procedural step; bill now exists in the system.
2025-04-07
Committee Assignment
Referred toRules Committee Senate Rule 3-8(a); House Rule 18(a)
Sent to a committee (usually Rules in the House, Assignments in the Senate). The gatekeeping step — Rules/Assignments decides which substantive committee hears the bill.
2025-04-14
Co-Sponsorship
Mild +
Added as Co-SponsorSen. Li Arellano, Jr. Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a)
A legislator added as co-sponsor.
2025-04-17
Committee Assignment
Assigned toVeterans' Affairs Committee Senate Rule 3-8(a); House Rule 18(b)
Sent to a substantive committee (e.g., Transportation, Revenue). This is where the bill gets a real hearing and evaluation.
2025-04-29
Committee Action
Positive
Do Pass / Short DebateVeterans' Affairs Committee; 015-000-000 Senate Rule 3-11(a)(1); House Rule 22(a)(1), 52(b)
Committee recommends passage and places it on the Short Debate calendar (limited floor discussion time). Strong positive signal — committee believes bill has broad support.
2025-04-30
Floor Process
Positive
Placed on Calendar 2nd Reading - Short Debate Senate Rule 4-4(7-8)/5-2; House Rule 31(8-9)/38/52
Bill placed on the Second Reading calendar. Positive — bill is queued for floor action.
2025-05-07
Co-Sponsorship
Mild +
Added Alternate Co-SponsorRep. Kyle Moore Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a)
Alternate co-sponsor added in the second chamber.
2025-05-15
Amendment Actions
House Floor Amendment No. 1 Filed with Clerk byRep. Stephanie A. Kifowit
[Amendment] Amendment sub-action.
2025-05-15
Amendment Actions
House Floor Amendment No. 1 Referred toRules Committee
[Amendment] Sent to a committee (usually Rules in the House, Assignments in the Senate). The gatekeeping step — Rules/Assignments decides which substantive committee hears the bill.
2025-05-16
Floor Process
Positive
Second Reading - Short Debate Senate Rule 3-12(a)/5-4(a); House Rule 24(a)/40(b)/52(a)(1)
Bill reaches the floor amendment stage on Short Debate calendar. Major milestone — bill has passed committee and is on the floor.
2025-05-16
Floor Process
Held on Calendar Order of Second Reading - Short Debate Senate Rule 4-4(7-8)/5-2; House Rule 31(8-9)/38/52
Bill was ready for Second Reading but was paused/held by the sponsor. Usually indicates the sponsor is still negotiating amendments or gathering votes. NOT a negative signal — the sponsor controls the pace.
2025-05-20
Amendment Actions
House Floor Amendment No. 1 Rules Refers toVeterans' Affairs Committee
[Amendment] Amendment sub-action.
2025-05-20
Amendment Actions
House Floor Amendment No. 1 Recommends Be AdoptedVeterans' Affairs Committee; 015-000-000
[Amendment] Amendment sub-action.
2025-05-22
Co-Sponsorship
Mild +
Added Alternate Co-SponsorRep. Kevin Schmidt Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a)
Alternate co-sponsor added in the second chamber.
2025-05-22
Amendment Actions
House Floor Amendment No. 1 Adopted by Voice Vote
[Amendment] Amendment sub-action.
2025-05-22
Floor Process
Positive
Placed on Calendar Order of 3rd Reading - Short Debate Rule 4-4(8)
Bill placed on the Third Reading calendar — queued for final vote.
2025-05-22
Floor Vote
Positive
Third Reading - Short Debate - Passed113-000-000 Senate Rule 5-1(f)/7-1/7-2; House Rule 37(f)/49/50
Bill PASSED on Short Debate Third Reading. Bill cleared the chamber.
2025-05-22
Co-Sponsorship
Mild +
Added Alternate Chief Co-SponsorRep. Dan Swanson Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a)
Alternate chief co-sponsor added.
2025-05-22
Co-Sponsorship
Mild +
Added Alternate Chief Co-SponsorRep. Wayne A. Rosenthal Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a)
Alternate chief co-sponsor added.
2025-05-22
Co-Sponsorship
Mild +
Added Alternate Chief Co-SponsorRep. Brandun Schweizer Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a)
Alternate chief co-sponsor added.
2025-05-22
Co-Sponsorship
Mild +
Added Alternate Chief Co-SponsorRep. Amy Briel Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a)
Alternate chief co-sponsor added.
2025-05-22
Other
Alternate Chief Co-Sponsor Changed toRep. Sue Scherer
Uncategorized action.
2025-05-22
Co-Sponsorship
Mild +
Added Alternate Co-SponsorRep. Amy Briel Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a)
Alternate co-sponsor added in the second chamber.
2025-05-22
Concurrence
Secretary's Desk - Concurrence House Amendment(s) 1 Senate Rule 8-1/Article VIII; House Rule 72/Article VIII
Bill placed on Secretary's Desk awaiting Senate concurrence vote on House amendments.
2025-05-22
Concurrence
Mild +
Placed on Calendar Order of Concurrence House Amendment(s) 1 - May 26, 2025 Senate Rule 8-1/Article VIII; House Rule 72/Article VIII
Concurrence vote scheduled on the calendar.
2025-05-27
Amendment Actions
House Floor Amendment No. 1 Motion to Concur Filed with SecretarySen. Jil Tracy
[Amendment] Motion filed to agree with the other chamber's amendments.
2025-05-27
Amendment Actions
House Floor Amendment No. 1 Motion to Concur Referred toAssignments
[Amendment] Motion filed to agree with the other chamber's amendments.
2025-06-30
Co-Sponsorship
Mild +
Added as Co-SponsorSen. Mike Porfirio Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a)
A legislator added as co-sponsor.
2025-07-02
Deadlines & Re-referrals
Mild −
Pursuant to Senate Rule 3-9(b) / Referred toAssignments Rule 3-9(b)
Senate procedural re-referral to Assignments — 31 consecutive days without session.
All actions (table)
| Date | Chamber | Action | Category | Signal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025-01-29 | Senate | Filed with Secretary bySen. Jil Tracy Rule 2-7(b) | Introduction & Filing | — |
| 2025-01-29 | Senate | First Reading Senate Rule 5-1(d)/5-2; House Rule 37(d)/38 | Introduction & Filing | — |
| 2025-01-29 | Senate | Referred toAssignments Senate Rule 3-8(a); House Rule 18(a) | Committee Assignment | — |
| 2025-02-04 | Senate | Assigned toVeterans Affairs Senate Rule 3-8(a); House Rule 18(b) | Committee Assignment | — |
| 2025-02-06 | Senate | Added as Co-SponsorSen. Terri Bryant Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a) | Co-Sponsorship | Mild + |
| 2025-02-07 | Senate | Added as Chief Co-SponsorSen. Jason Plummer Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a) | Co-Sponsorship | Mild + |
| 2025-03-06 | Senate | Added as Chief Co-SponsorSen. Craig Wilcox Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a) | Co-Sponsorship | Mild + |
| 2025-03-13 | Senate | Senate Committee Amendment No. 1 Filed with Secretary bySen. Jil Tracy | Amendment Actions | — |
| 2025-03-13 | Senate | Senate Committee Amendment No. 1 Referred toAssignments | Amendment Actions | — |
| 2025-03-18 | Senate | Senate Committee Amendment No. 1 Assignments Refers toVeterans Affairs | Amendment Actions | — |
| 2025-03-19 | Senate | Senate Committee Amendment No. 1 Adopted | Amendment Actions | Positive |
| 2025-03-19 | Senate | Do Pass as AmendedVeterans Affairs; 008-000-000 Rule 3-11(a)(1), Rule 3-12(a) | Committee Action | Positive |
| 2025-03-19 | Senate | Placed on Calendar Order of 2nd Reading March 20, 2025 Rule 3-12(a), Rule 4-4(7) | Floor Process | Positive |
| 2025-04-01 | Senate | Second Reading Senate Rule 3-12(a)/5-4(a); House Rule 24(a)/40(b) | Floor Process | Positive |
| 2025-04-01 | Senate | Placed on Calendar Order of 3rd Reading April 2, 2025 Rule 4-4(8) | Floor Process | Positive |
| 2025-04-03 | Senate | Third Reading - Passed;054-000-000 Rule 5-1(f) | Floor Vote | Positive |
| 2025-04-03 | Senate | Added as Co-SponsorSen. Chris Balkema Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a) | Co-Sponsorship | Mild + |
| 2025-04-03 | Senate | Added as Co-SponsorSen. Andrew S. Chesney Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a) | Co-Sponsorship | Mild + |
| 2025-04-03 | Senate | Added as Co-SponsorSen. Steve McClure Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a) | Co-Sponsorship | Mild + |
| 2025-04-04 | Senate | Added as Co-SponsorSen. Mike Simmons Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a) | Co-Sponsorship | Mild + |
| 2025-04-04 | House | Arrived in House Senate Rule 5-1(d)/4-4(9-11); House Rule 37(d)/31(10-12) | Cross-Chamber | Positive |
| 2025-04-04 | House | Chief House SponsorRep. Stephanie A. Kifowit Senate Rule 5-1(d)/4-4(9-11); House Rule 37(d)/31(10-12) | Cross-Chamber | Positive |
| 2025-04-07 | House | First Reading Senate Rule 5-1(d)/5-2; House Rule 37(d)/38 | Introduction & Filing | — |
| 2025-04-07 | House | Referred toRules Committee Senate Rule 3-8(a); House Rule 18(a) | Committee Assignment | — |
| 2025-04-14 | Senate | Added as Co-SponsorSen. Li Arellano, Jr. Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a) | Co-Sponsorship | Mild + |
| 2025-04-17 | House | Assigned toVeterans' Affairs Committee Senate Rule 3-8(a); House Rule 18(b) | Committee Assignment | — |
| 2025-04-29 | House | Do Pass / Short DebateVeterans' Affairs Committee; 015-000-000 Senate Rule 3-11(a)(1); House Rule 22(a)(1), 52(b) | Committee Action | Positive |
| 2025-04-30 | House | Placed on Calendar 2nd Reading - Short Debate Senate Rule 4-4(7-8)/5-2; House Rule 31(8-9)/38/52 | Floor Process | Positive |
| 2025-05-07 | House | Added Alternate Co-SponsorRep. Kyle Moore Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a) | Co-Sponsorship | Mild + |
| 2025-05-15 | House | House Floor Amendment No. 1 Filed with Clerk byRep. Stephanie A. Kifowit | Amendment Actions | — |
| 2025-05-15 | House | House Floor Amendment No. 1 Referred toRules Committee | Amendment Actions | — |
| 2025-05-16 | House | Second Reading - Short Debate Senate Rule 3-12(a)/5-4(a); House Rule 24(a)/40(b)/52(a)(1) | Floor Process | Positive |
| 2025-05-16 | House | Held on Calendar Order of Second Reading - Short Debate Senate Rule 4-4(7-8)/5-2; House Rule 31(8-9)/38/52 | Floor Process | — |
| 2025-05-20 | House | House Floor Amendment No. 1 Rules Refers toVeterans' Affairs Committee | Amendment Actions | — |
| 2025-05-20 | House | House Floor Amendment No. 1 Recommends Be AdoptedVeterans' Affairs Committee; 015-000-000 | Amendment Actions | — |
| 2025-05-22 | House | Added Alternate Co-SponsorRep. Kevin Schmidt Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a) | Co-Sponsorship | Mild + |
| 2025-05-22 | House | House Floor Amendment No. 1 Adopted by Voice Vote | Amendment Actions | — |
| 2025-05-22 | House | Placed on Calendar Order of 3rd Reading - Short Debate Rule 4-4(8) | Floor Process | Positive |
| 2025-05-22 | House | Third Reading - Short Debate - Passed113-000-000 Senate Rule 5-1(f)/7-1/7-2; House Rule 37(f)/49/50 | Floor Vote | Positive |
| 2025-05-22 | House | Added Alternate Chief Co-SponsorRep. Dan Swanson Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a) | Co-Sponsorship | Mild + |
| 2025-05-22 | House | Added Alternate Chief Co-SponsorRep. Wayne A. Rosenthal Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a) | Co-Sponsorship | Mild + |
| 2025-05-22 | House | Added Alternate Chief Co-SponsorRep. Brandun Schweizer Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a) | Co-Sponsorship | Mild + |
| 2025-05-22 | House | Added Alternate Chief Co-SponsorRep. Amy Briel Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a) | Co-Sponsorship | Mild + |
| 2025-05-22 | House | Alternate Chief Co-Sponsor Changed toRep. Sue Scherer | Other | — |
| 2025-05-22 | House | Added Alternate Co-SponsorRep. Amy Briel Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a) | Co-Sponsorship | Mild + |
| 2025-05-22 | Senate | Secretary's Desk - Concurrence House Amendment(s) 1 Senate Rule 8-1/Article VIII; House Rule 72/Article VIII | Concurrence | — |
| 2025-05-22 | Senate | Placed on Calendar Order of Concurrence House Amendment(s) 1 - May 26, 2025 Senate Rule 8-1/Article VIII; House Rule 72/Article VIII | Concurrence | Mild + |
| 2025-05-27 | Senate | House Floor Amendment No. 1 Motion to Concur Filed with SecretarySen. Jil Tracy | Amendment Actions | — |
| 2025-05-27 | Senate | House Floor Amendment No. 1 Motion to Concur Referred toAssignments | Amendment Actions | — |
| 2025-06-30 | Senate | Added as Co-SponsorSen. Mike Porfirio Senate Rule 5-1(a); House Rule 37(a) | Co-Sponsorship | Mild + |
| 2025-07-02 | Senate | Pursuant to Senate Rule 3-9(b) / Referred toAssignments Rule 3-9(b) | Deadlines & Re-referrals | Mild − |